列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法优化设计

侯涛; 任祎坤; 牛宏侠

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202603021

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列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法优化设计

更新时间：2026-03-09

- 列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法优化设计
- Optimized Design of Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Train Wheelset Tread Defects
- 西安交通大学学报 2026年60卷第3期页码：220-232
- 作者机构：
  
  兰州交通大学自动化与电气工程学院，730070，兰州
- 作者简介：
  
  作者简介：侯涛（1975—），男，教授，硕士生导师。
- 基金信息：
  
  甘肃省重点研发计划资助项目。(23YFGA0049)
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202603021
  中图分类号： TP391
- 收稿：2025-05-29，
  
  纸质出版：2026-03-10
- 稿件说明：
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侯涛, 任祎坤, 牛宏侠. 列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法优化设计[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2026,60(3):220-232.

HOU Tao, REN Yikun, NIU Hongxia. Optimized Design of Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Train Wheelset Tread Defects[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(3): 220-232.
侯涛, 任祎坤, 牛宏侠. 列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法优化设计[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2026,60(3):220-232. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202603021.

HOU Tao, REN Yikun, NIU Hongxia. Optimized Design of Lightweight Detection Algorithm for Train Wheelset Tread Defects[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(3): 220-232. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202603021.

摘要

针对列车轮对踏面缺陷检测算法计算量、参数量较大，且高精度与低计算复杂度难以匹配等问题，提出一种基于YOLO11n算法的列车轮对踏面缺陷的轻量级检测算法。构建轻量化的高效幽灵开端（Ghost-Inceptiona）特征提取模块替代YOLO11n骨干网络中的特征提取模块，降低模型的参数量与计算量，提高轮对踏面缺陷检测的精度和效率；在颈部网络中采用改进的带小卷积核的跨阶段部分连接瓶颈模块（C3k2_Faster-EMA）作为特征提取模块，提升算法对不同尺度下目标区域的特征提取融合能力，进而提高轮对踏面缺陷的检测精度；优化设计轻量化检测头，通过加入深度可分离卷积实现算法参数量、计算量的大幅降低；设计基于交并比（IoU）的改进损失函数（Focaler-PIoU），加强算法对不同尺度缺陷的适应性，提高踏面缺陷检测能力。实验结果表明：在自制列车轮对踏面缺陷的数据集上，所提改进算法的参数量减少了18.2%，计算量下降了28.6%，平均精度均值提升了2.3%。改进算法在提升踏面缺陷检测精度的前提下实现算法的轻量化改进，在轮对踏面缺陷检测中具有广泛的应用前景。

Abstract

To address the issues of excessive computational load

large number of parameters

and the difficulty in achieving a satisfactory balance with accuracy in existing algorithms for detecting train wheelset tread defects

this study proposes an YOLO11n-based lightweight detection algorithm. A lightweight and efficient Ghost-Inceptiona feature extraction module is constructed to replace the feature extraction module in the backbone network of YOLO11n

reducing the model’s parameters and computational load while improving the precision and efficiency of wheelset tread defect detection.In the neck network

a cross-stage partial connection bottleneck structure with small convolution kernels (C3k2-Faster-EMA ) is used as the feature extraction module

enhancing the algorithm’s ability to extract and fuse features of target regions at different scales

thus increasing detection accuracy.A lightweight detection head is optimally designed through the incorporation of depthwise separable convolutions

significantly decreasing the algorithm’s parameter size and computational load.An improved loss function based on intersection over union (IoU)

named Focaler-PIoU

is designed to strengthen the algorithm’s adaptability to defects of varying scales and enhance the performance of tread defect detection.The experimental results show that on a self-collected dataset of train wheelset tread defects

the improved YOLO11n algorithm reduces parameters by 18.2%

decreases computation by 28.6%

and improves mean average precision by 2.3%.The improved algorithm achieves lightweight optimization while improving detection accuracy

demonstrating broad application prospects in train wheelset tread defect detection.

关键词

Keywords

references

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