面向快充与动态工况的电动汽车直/液冷架构运行及热力学特性研究

陈彬; 梁坤峰; 宗硕; 陈浩远; 殷翔; 曹锋

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面向快充与动态工况的电动汽车直/液冷架构运行及热力学特性研究

更新时间：2026-06-16

- 面向快充与动态工况的电动汽车直/液冷架构运行及热力学特性研究
- Study on Operation and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Direct/Liquid Cooling Systems for Fast Charging and Dynamic Driving Conditions
- 西安交通大学学报 2026年
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，710049，西安
  2.豫新汽车热管理科技有限公司，453000，河南新乡
  3.河南科技大学车辆与交通工程学院，471003，河南洛阳
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：
  中图分类号： TB66
- 收稿：2026-03-27，
  
  修回：2026-06-11，
  
  录用：2026-06-16，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
陈彬, 梁坤峰, 宗硕, 等. 面向快充与动态工况的电动汽车直/液冷架构运行及热力学特性研究[J/OL]. 西安交通大学学报, 2026.

CHEN Bin, LIANG Kunfeng, ZONG Shuo, et al. Study on Operation and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Direct/Liquid Cooling Systems for Fast Charging and Dynamic Driving Conditions[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026.
陈彬, 梁坤峰, 宗硕, 等. 面向快充与动态工况的电动汽车直/液冷架构运行及热力学特性研究[J/OL]. 西安交通大学学报, 2026. DOI：

CHEN Bin, LIANG Kunfeng, ZONG Shuo, et al. Study on Operation and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Direct/Liquid Cooling Systems for Fast Charging and Dynamic Driving Conditions[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026. DOI：

摘要

针对电动汽车大倍率快充与动态行驶工况对热管理系统传热与动态温控提出的更高要求，对比研究了动力电池直冷与液冷架构的运行能效与热力学特性差异。首先，搭建了具备多模式切换功能的集成热管理系统试验台架；其次，结合热力学第一、第二定律建立了系统运行与㶲分析模型；最后，在中国轻型乘用车测试循环动态行驶与多倍率（0.5 C~3 C）快充工况下，量化评估了两种系统的温控响应、能效表现及部件不可逆㶲损失。研究结果表明：在动态行驶工况下，液冷架构凭借大热容具有更优的舱内舒适性与系统稳定性，而直冷架构中后期性能系数稳定在2.5以上，稳态能效更高；在1 C及以上大倍率快充工况中，直冷架构消除了二次传热热阻，降温响应速度显著优于液冷架构，但受制冷剂相变流态影响，其电池模组最大稳态温差达7.8 ℃，局部均温性劣于液冷架构的4.7 ℃；直冷架构有效削减了换热不可逆损失，其电池冷板㶲效率达47%，显著高于液冷回路中电池冷却器的29%，且在长周期动态运行中，直冷架构的瞬态总㶲效率最高可达20%。该研究揭示了不同冷却架构在大负荷与动态工况下的热力学变化趋势，为下一代电动汽车复合热管理系统的工程应用与优化提供了理论依据。

Abstract

To address the stringent demands of high-rate fast charging and dynamic driving conditions on heat transfer and dynamic temperature control in electric vehicle thermal management systems

this study comparatively investigates the operational energy efficiency and thermodynamic characteristics of direct cooling and liquid cooling architectures for power batteries. First

a test bench for an integrated thermal management system with multi-mode switching capabilities was developed. Second

a system operation and exergy analysis model was established based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Finally

under the dynamic driving conditions of the China light-duty vehicle test cycle-passenger and multi-rate (0.5C–3C) fast charging scenarios

the temperature control response

energy efficiency

and component irreversible exergy losses of the two systems were quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that: Under dynamic driving conditions

the liquid cooling system exhibits superior cabin supply air comfort and system stability due to its large heat capacity. Conversely

the direct cooling system achieves higher steady-state energy efficiency

with its coefficient of performance stabilizing above 2.5 in the middle and late stages of operation. During high-rate fast charging at 1C and above

the direct cooling system eliminates secondary heat transfer resistance

resulting in a significantly faster cooling response than the liquid cooling system. However

affected by the refrigerant phase-change flow pattern

its maximum steady-state temperature difference within the battery module reaches 7.8 ℃

indicating poorer local temperature uniformity compared to the 4.7 ℃ of the liquid cooling system. The direct cooling architecture effectively reduces irreversible heat transfer losses. Its battery cold plate exergy efficiency reaches 47%

which is significantly higher than the 29% of the battery chiller in the liquid cooling loop. Furthermore

during long-term dynamic operation

the maximum transient total exergy efficiency of the direct cooling system can reach 20.0%. This study reveals the thermodynamic evolution characteristics of different cooling architectures under heavy load and dynamic conditions

providing a theoretical basis for the engineering application and optimization of next-generation EV composite thermal management systems.

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references

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