Diffusion Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Case of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicles Running in Tunnels

SHAN Shiyu; GENG Limin; CAO Xinxin; ZHAO Weiyan; HUANG Dong; GAO Zhao; XING Fanjie

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202607008

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Diffusion Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Case of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicles Running in Tunnels

Special Topic Combustion Control | 更新时间：2026-07-09

- Diffusion Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Case of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicles Running in Tunnels
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 60, Issue 7, Pages: 77-87(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  长安大学陕西省交通新能源开发、应用与汽车节能重点实验室，710064，西安
  质子汽车科技有限公司，710000，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202607008
  CLC： TK91
- Received：17 October 2025，
  
  Published：10 July 2026
- 稿件说明：
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SHAN Shiyu, GENG Limin, CAO Xinxin, et al. Diffusion Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Case of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicles Running in Tunnels[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(7): 77-87.
DOI：

SHAN Shiyu, GENG Limin, CAO Xinxin, et al. Diffusion Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Case of Hydrogen Leakage from Fuel Cell Vehicles Running in Tunnels[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(7): 77-87. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202607008.

摘要

为研究氢燃料电池汽车在隧道内发生泄漏时氢气扩散特征及影响因素，采用计算流体力学方法，建立了隧道内燃料电池卡车氢气泄漏扩散模型，研究了氢气在隧道内的泄漏扩散过程和分布特性，对比分析了不同车速、泄漏质量流量对氢气扩散过程的影响。结果表明：氢气泄漏初期储氢罐泄漏口处氢气浓度更高，2 s后非泄漏口一侧氢气浓度更高，且非泄漏口一侧的氢气扩散范围更广，扩散距离更长。汽车低速行驶时，氢气扩散距离和分布范围更大，更容易积聚形成大体积的可燃云团。当车速为20 km/h时，4个储氢瓶同时发生泄漏时，20 s后氢气可燃云团的体积达到453.28 m

，随着车速的提高，隧道内气流速度加快，对氢气的稀释作用增强，抑制了氢气的积聚；车速为100 km/h时，形成的氢气可燃云团的体积比20 km/h下降了96.8%。氢气泄漏质量流量越大，氢气分布范围越广、扩散距离越长，形成的可燃云团体积也越大。与1个直径2.5 mm的泄漏孔相比，当4个同尺寸的泄漏孔发生氢气泄漏时，形成的可燃云团体积增大了5.76倍。

Abstract

To investigate the hydrogen diffusion characteristics and influencing factors in the event of hydrogen leakage from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles running in tunnels，a hydrogen leakage and diffusion model for fuel cell trucks traveling through tunnels was established using computational fluid dynamics.The diffusion process and distribution characteristics of the leaked hydrogen in the tunnel were studied，and the effects of varying vehicle speeds and leakage mass flow rates on the hydrogen diffusion process were compa

red and analyzed.The results indicate that while the hydrogen concentration was higher at the leaking orifice of the hydrogen storage tank during the initial leakage phase，it became higher at the non-leaking orifice after 2 s，where a wider diffusion range and longer diffusion distance were observed.At lower vehicle speeds，hydrogen diffused over greater distances and covered a broader area，facilitating the accumulation of large-volume combustible clouds.Specifically，for a simultaneous leak from four hydrogen storage tanks at a vehicle speed of 20 km/h，the volume of the combustible cloud reached 453.28 m

after 20 s.As the vehicle speed increased，the enhanced airflow in the tunnel promoted hydrogen dilution and suppressed its accumulation；at a vehicle speed of 100 km/h，the volume of the formed combustible cloud was reduced by 96.8% compared to that at 20 km/h.Furthermore，it was found that higher hydrogen leakage mass flow rates resulted in more extensive distribution ranges，longer diffusion distances，and larger volumes of combustible clouds.Compared to a single leaking orifice with a diameter of 2.5 mm，the volume of the combustible cloud was 5.76 times larger when four orifices of the same size leaked simultaneously.

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