Ignition Characteristics of Bridge-Wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation via Reciprocity Principle

ZHANG Boyuan; LIANG Tao; XUE Wanting; XIE Yanzhao

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202603019

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Ignition Characteristics of Bridge-Wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation via Reciprocity Principle

更新时间：2026-03-09

- Ignition Characteristics of Bridge-Wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation via Reciprocity Principle
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 60, Issue 3, Pages: 198-209(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  西安交通大学电气工程学院，710049，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202603019
  CLC： TJ450.1
- Received：06 June 2025，
  
  Published：10 March 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
ZHANG Boyuan, LIANG Tao, XUE Wanting, et al. Ignition Characteristics of Bridge-Wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation via Reciprocity Principle[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(3): 198-209.
DOI：

ZHANG Boyuan, LIANG Tao, XUE Wanting, et al. Ignition Characteristics of Bridge-Wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation via Reciprocity Principle[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(3): 198-209. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202603019.

摘要

为高效评估瞬态电磁脉冲场（TEMP）辐照时桥丝型电火工品（EED）的安全限值，揭示单次及重复频率TEMP作用下的发火机制与规律，提出了一种基于互易性原理的EED电磁耦合高效计算模型，并利用全波仿真进行验证。将此计算模型与EED发火判据相结合，构建了EED在TEMP辐照下的电弧/温升发火评估模型。利用该评估模型系统地研究了单次、重频TEMP辐照下的EED发火规律。研究结果表明：单次TEMP辐照下，EED主要发火机制为电弧发火。重频TEMP辐照下，发火机制取决于单脉冲强度与脉冲间隔，当单周期内电磁脉冲强度足够时，EED脚-壳间出现瞬态电击穿，直接触发电弧点火，后续重频脉冲周期仅维持电弧稳定；当单周期内电磁脉冲强度不满足电击穿条件时，若桥丝热平衡时间远大于重频脉冲周期，桥丝处通过不断热积累可导致温升点火；在重频TEMP辐照下，发火方式同入射电场强度以及持续时间密切相关，两类发火机制均有可能发生。该研究成果可对于定量分析EED的电磁安全性提供一定的参考。

Abstract

To efficiently evaluate the safety limits of bridge-wire electric explosive devices (EEDs)under transient electromagnetic pulse field (TEMP)irradiation and reveal their ignition mechanisms and characteristics under single and repetitive-frequency TEMP effects

this study proposes an efficient electromagnetic coupling calculation model for EEDs based on the reciprocity principle

which is verified using full-wave simulation.By combining this calculation model with the EED ignition criterion

an arc/temperature-rise ignition assessment model for EEDs under TEMP irradiation is established.This assessment model is used to systematically examine the ignition characteristics of EEDs under single and repetitive-frequency TEMP irradiation.The results show that under single TEMP irradiation

the primary ignition mechanism for EEDs is arc ignition.Under repetitive-frequency TEMP irradiation

the ignition mechanism depends on the single-pulse intensity and pulse interval.When the electromagnetic pulse intensity within a single cycle is sufficient

transient electrical breakdown occurs between the EED’s pins and casing

directly triggering arc ignition

and subsequent repetitive-frequency pulse cycles only sustain the arc stability.When the electromagnetic pulse intensity within a single cycle does not meet the electrical breakdown condition

if the bridge wire’s thermal equilibrium time is much greater than the repetitive-frequency pulse period

continuous heat accumulation at the bridge wire can lead to temperature-rise ignition.Under repetitive-frequency TEMP irradiation

the ignition mode is closely related to the incident field intensity and duration

and both types of ignition mechanisms can potentially occur.The findings can provide valuable insights for the quantitative analysis of electromagnetic safety in EEDs.

关键词

Keywords

references

WANG Jun, ZHOU Bin, YE Shuqin, et al. Novel electro-explosive device incorporating a planar transient suppression diode[J].IEEE Electron Device Letters, 2020, 41(9)：1416-1419.

PARATE B A, CHANDEL S, SHEKHAR H.Lumped parameter analysis of bridge wire in an electro explosive device of a power cartridge for water-jet application：a case study[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2020, 17(3)：408-427.

CHEN Hengshuai, ZHU Dezhan, ZHU Yanli, et al. Calculation, simulation, and measurement of input impedance and RF-induced current of bridge wire electroexplosive device[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2025, 73 (4 )：22592271 .

SHI Lan, YANG Anmin, ZHANG Yingchun, et al. Study on the temperature of the bridge wire in the initiator used in nuclear explosion valve[J].American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 7 (12 )：908-917.

张博渊，梁涛，薛婉婷，等.直流激励下桥丝型电火工品电弧发火预测模型[J].含能材料，2024，32(12)：1334-1342.

ZHANG Boyuan，LIANG Tao，XUE Wanting，et al. A prediction model of arc ignition for bridge wire electro explosive device under direct current excitation[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials，2024，32(12)：1334-1342.

U.S.Department of Defense.DoDM 6055.09—2019 department of defense manual：DoD ammunition and explosives safety standards[S].Washington, D.C., USA：U.S.Department of Defense, 2019.

European Commission.Assessment of electromagnetic threats on civil explosives, JRC125489[R].Brussels, Belgium：European Union, 2021.

LI Jinpeng, ZHOU Zhongyuan, HU Peng, et al. Calculating method for RF induced current of electric-explosive device based on Agrawal model and non-uniform transmission line[C]//2019 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments (ICEMI).Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2019：736-741.

WANG Biao, SUN Yongwei, ZHOU Shuai, et al. Analysis of the electromagnetic effect mechanism of EED under continuous wave radiation[J].International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2024, 2024 (1)：9317622.

王瑾，王汉昌，沈建森，等.某型电火工品弹药电磁环境下使用安全性分析[J].海军航空大学学报，2023，38(4)：331-337.

WANG Jin，WANG Hanchang，SHEN Jiansen，et al. Safety analysis of a type of ammunition equipped with EED in electromagnetic environment[J].Journal of Naval Aviation University，2023，38(4)：331-337.

朱晓楠，潘进，杨进候，等.桥丝式电火工品感应电流及电磁安全性分析[J].水下无人系统学报，2024，32(4)：749-756.

ZHU Xiaonan，PAN Jin，YANG Jinhou，et al. Analysis of induced current and electromagnetic safety of bridge-wire electric explosive device[J].Journal of Unmanned Undersea Systems，2024，32(4)：749-756.

PANTOJA J J, VEGA F, ROMÁN F, et al. On the differential input impedance of an electro-explosive device[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2018, 66(2)：858-864.

姚洪志，李瑞，赵团，等.典型桥丝式电火工品静电危害影响分析[J].火工品，2021(6)：18-22.

YAO Hongzhi，LI Rui，ZHAO Tuan，et al. Analysis of the electrostatic hazards of typical bridge wire electro-explosive devices[J].Initiators & Pyrotechnics，2021(6)：18-22.

陈启鹏.火工品防静电防雷执行标准应对辨析[J].中国标准化，2023(22)：72-76.

CHEN Qipeng.Analysis of the measures of standards for electrostatic and lightning protection of initiating explosive devices[J].China Standardization，2023(22)：72-76.

段鑫沛，朱云娇，殷亚楠，等.电磁脉冲对半导体器件影响机制研究概述[J].中国集成电路，2025，34 (3)：43-49 .

DUAN Xinpei，ZHU Yunjiao，YIN Yanan，et al. An overview of the influence mechanism of electromagnetic pulse on semiconductor devices[J].China Integrated Circuit，2025，34(3)：43-49.

刘跞仪，姚洪志，赵团，等.桥丝式电火工品电磁环境失效规律[J].装备环境工程，2024，21 (11 )：25-32.

LIU Liyi，YAO Hongzhi，ZHAO Tuan，et al. Failure law of electromagnetic environment for bridge wire electro-explosive devices[J].Equipment Environmental Engineering，2024，21(11)：25-32.

CHEN Xin, QIU Yang, TIAN Jin, et al. Coupling effect of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse of two-pin electric explosive device based on a V-type antenna model[J].International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2022, 32(12)：e23417.

REALE D V, MANKOWSKI J, DICKENS J.Susceptibility of electro-explosive devices to high pulsed electric fields[C]//2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference (IPMHVC).Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2012：211-214.

吕旭旭，魏光辉，杜雪，等.灼热桥丝式电火工品脉冲电流激励发火规律分析[J].含能材料，2023，31(6)：589-597.

LYU Xuxu，WEI Guanghui，DU Xue，et al. Analysis on ignition law of hot bridge wire electro explosive device under pulse current excitation[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials，2023，31(6)：589-597.

JIA Jin, RINAS D, FREI S.Predicting the radiated emissions of automotive systems according to CISPR 25 using current scan methods[J].IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2016, 58(2)：409-418.

席志豪，梁涛，谢彦召，等.基于时域BLT方程的带绝缘线缆束场-线耦合模型[J].高电压技术，2024，50(2)：758-764.

XI Zhihao，LIANG Tao，XIE Yanzhao，et al. Fieldto-line coupling model for insulated wiring bundle based on time-domain BLT equation[J].High Voltage Engineering，2024，50(2)：758-764.

SPADACINI G, LIANG Tao, GRASSI F, et al. Worst case and statistics of waveforms involved in wideband intentional electromagnetic attacks[J].IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2018, 60 (5)：1436-1444.

GIRI D V, TESCHE F M.Classification of intentional electromagnetic environments (IEME )[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2004, 46(3)：322-328.

IEC.Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)：part 2-13 environment-high-power electromagnetic (HPEM)environments-radiated and conducted：IEC 61000-2-13：2005[S].Geneva, Switzerland：IEC, 2005.

孟冬旭，魏明，胡小锋，等.电磁脉冲作用下电火工品感应电流仿真研究[J].安全与电磁兼容，2022 (2)：24-28.

MENG Dongxu，WEI Ming，HU Xiaofeng，et al. Simulation study on induced current of electric explosive device under electromagnetic pulse[J].Safety &EMC，2022(2)：24-28.

姚洪志，章云，杜敬利，等.电火工品的电磁场安全阈值[J].含能材料，2024，32(1)：76-82.

YAO Hongzhi，ZHANG Yun，DU Jingli，et al. Electromagnetic field safety threshold of electro-explosive devices[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials，2024，32(1)：76-82.

吕旭旭，魏光辉.实装灼热桥丝式电火工品电磁辐射敏感度测试方法评述[J].强激光与粒子束，2023，35 (6)：49-58.

LÜ Xuxu，WEI Guanghui.Comments on the electromagnetic safety assessment method for hot bridge wire electro-explosive device[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams，2023，35(6)：49-58.

JUAN Ye, GUILAN Li, LONGFEI Zhao.Quantitative evaluation for radio-frequency effects of electro-explosive device[C]//2015 IEEE International Sympo sium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2015：417-421.

U.S.Department of the Army.Military explosives (field manual No.TM 9-1300-214)[M].Washington, D.C., USA：Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1984.

SONG Haisheng, ZHAO Jiachen, HUANG Zhengyu, et al. The coupling of lightning electromagnetic pulse on ships with a novel FDTD modeling scheme[C]//2021 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES-China)Symposium.Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2021：1-2.

YI Tao, WANG Feng, GUO Xiaodong, et al. Prediction of electromagnetic pulse radiation at high power laser facility[C]//2022 IEEE5th International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET).Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2022：327-330.

RADASKY W A, HOAD R.Recent developments in high power EM (HPEM)standards with emphasis on high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP)and intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI)[J]. IEEE Letters on Electromagnetic Compatibility Practice and Applications, 2020, 2(3)：62-66.

XU Jianjun, REN Chuan, XIAO Kaiqi, et al. High repetition frequency, high power electromagnetic pulses generation[C]//2019 IEEE2nd International Conference on Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (AUTEEE).Piscataway, NJ, USA：IEEE, 2019：18-21.

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Study on Ignition Regularity of Bridge-wire Electro-Explosive Devices Under Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Irradiation Based on Reciprocity Principle

Electrothermal Coupling Research on the Evolutionary Law of Anti-Corona Performance for High-Altitude Air-Cooled Generators

A Structure-Semantics-Residual Collaborative Image Compression Framework：Towards Privacy Protection and High-Fidelity Reconstruction

Energy Efficiency Optimization of the Cryogenic Air Separation Process for Electronic-Grade Ultra Pure Nitrogen

Numerical Simulation of the Energy Conversion Process in Thermoacoustic Engines with Different Stack Materials

Related Author

ZHANG Boyuan

LIANG Tao

XUE Wanting

XIE Yanzhao

Related Institution

School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University

⁰