Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO<sub>2</sub> Direct Cooling System Architectures

HAN Xu; JIA Fan; CHEN Bin; FANG Jianmin; YIN Xiang; CAO Feng

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202601004

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Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO₂ Direct Cooling System Architectures

Special Topic Thermal Management of Electric Vehicles | 更新时间：2026-01-15

- Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO₂ Direct Cooling System Architectures
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 60, Issue 1, Pages: 31-40(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，710049，西安
  西安交通大学国家储能技术产教融合创新平台（中心），710049，西安
  豫新汽车热管理科技有限公司，453000，河南新乡
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202601004
  CLC： TB61;TB63+2
- Received：22 April 2025，
  
  Published：10 January 2026
- 稿件说明：
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HAN Xu, JIA Fan, CHEN Bin, et al. Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO₂ Direct Cooling System Architectures[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(1): 31-40. DOI: 10.7652/xjtuxb202601004.
DOI：

HAN Xu, JIA Fan, CHEN Bin, et al. Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO₂ Direct Cooling System Architectures[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(1): 31-40. DOI: 10.7652/xjtuxb202601004. DOI：

摘要

基于跨临界CO

循环的电动汽车电池直冷技术面临沸腾换热中两相流型调控困难、多热源分配的强耦合特征，容易出现电池局部过温的问题，迫切需要开展不同系统架构下的动力电池冷却系统性能分析。为此，基于跨临界CO

循环，对比研究了3种蒸发冷却一体化热管理系统架构（直冷板和乘员舱蒸发器并联式、混合串并联式、部分并联式）对电池冷却特性的影响。研究了电池热特征、环境温度等对直冷性能、冷却均温性的潜在影响规律，并分析了3种架构直冷板中两相流干度变化的内在温度均匀性影响机理，探究了乘员舱侧蒸发器过热度控制在3种架构中的表征电池温度均匀性变化。此外，研究了3种架构中的直冷板参数对冷却特性影响规律。结果表明：电池直冷和乘员舱蒸发器并联系统架构在应对高负荷、高温环境下易出现电池局部过热，而部分并联的系统架构可以有效改善恶劣工况下的冷却均匀性，电池最大温差在全工况下均低于0.3℃。升高蒸发器出口过热度可以提升电池温度均匀性，过热度每升高1℃，电池最大温差减小约14%，系统能效比减小4.1%。该研究为电池直冷系统架构选择提供新思路。

Abstract

Direct cooling technology for electric vehicle batteries based on transcritical CO

cycles faces challenges in regulating two-phase flow patterns during boiling heat transfer and strong coupling characteristics in multi-heat source distribution，which can easily lead to local overheating of batteries.There is an urgent need to analyze the performance of power battery cooling systems under different sys

tem architectures.To address this，this study compares the effects of three integrated evaporative cooling thermal management system architectures (direct cooling plate and passenger compartment evaporator parallel configuration，hybrid series-parallel configuration，and partial parallel configuration)based on transcritical CO

cycles on battery cooling characteristics. The potential influences of battery thermal characteristics and ambient temperature on direct cooling performance and cooling temperature uniformity are investigated.The intrinsic mechanisms of two-phase flow quality variation in direct cooling plates influencing temperature uniformity are analyzed in depth.The changes in battery temperature uniformity characterized by the superheat control of passenger compartment evaporator across three architectures are explored.Additionally，the influence of direct cooling plate parameters on cooling characteristics in the three architectures is studied.The results show that the battery direct cooling and passenger compartment evaporator parallel architecture is prone to local battery overheating under high-load and high-temperature conditions.In contrast，the partial parallel architecture can effectively improve cooling uniformity under harsh operating conditions，with the maximum battery temperature difference remaining below 0.3℃ across all operating conditions.Increasing the evaporator outlet superheat can enhance battery temperature uniformity.For every 1℃ increase in superheat，the maximum battery temperature difference decreases by approximately 14%，while the system energy efficiency ratio decreases by 4.1%.This study provides new insights for the selection of battery direct cooling systems.

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Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO2 Direct Cooling System Architectures

DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202601004

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

Performance Analysis of Power Battery Cooling Systems under Different Transcritical CO₂ Direct Cooling System Architectures