Construction of Generalized CO<sub>2</sub>and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics

CAO Zhijian; ZONG Shuo; ZHANG Yichen; GUAN Yan; WANG Zhiming; YIN Xiang; CAO Feng

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202601003

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Construction of Generalized CO₂and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics

Special Topic Thermal Management of Electric Vehicles | 更新时间：2026-01-15

- Construction of Generalized CO₂and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 60, Issue 1, Pages: 22-30(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，710049，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202601003
  CLC： U463.85
- Received：17 April 2025，
  
  Published：10 January 2026
- 稿件说明：
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CAO Zhijian, ZONG Shuo, ZHANG Yichen, et al. Construction of Generalized CO₂and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(1): 22-30. DOI: 10.7652/xjtuxb202601003.
DOI：

CAO Zhijian, ZONG Shuo, ZHANG Yichen, et al. Construction of Generalized CO₂and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(1): 22-30. DOI: 10.7652/xjtuxb202601003. DOI：

摘要

针对汽车空调R134a制冷剂替代及电动车冬季续航衰减问题，以通用化载冷剂回路构建通用化的CO

及R290间接热泵系统。首先，建立了通用载冷剂系统的CO

、R290通用化热泵空调系统仿真模型并进行实验验证；然后，研究了换热器配置和水路流量对热泵空调性能的影响和通用化系统衰减特性；最后，提出了两种循环的通用设计和控制策略，评估了通用化系统对整车续航的影响。结果表明：调节水路流量能够有效解决通用化系统性能衰减问题；采用串联多个暖风芯体作为室内换热器的通用化方案并对水路流量加以调节，能够同时满足CO

间接系统及R290间接系统的换热需求，通用化系统造成R290系统性能衰减为2.46%，CO

系统性能最优。

Abstract

In response to the challenges of R134a refrigerant replacement in automotive air conditioning and winter range attenuation in electric vehicles，the generalized indirect heat pump systems for CO

and R290 were constructed by applying a generalized secondary-loop circuit. Firstly，a simulation model of the generalized CO

and R290 heat pump air conditioning systems with a secondary-loop were established and experimentally validated.Subsequently，the effects of heat exchanger configuration and water circuit flow rate on the performance of the heat pump system，as well as the performance attenuation characteristics of the generalized systems，were investigated.Finally，a generalized design and control strategy for both cycles were proposed，and the impac

t of the generalized system on vehicle range was also evaluated.The results indicate that adj usting the water circuit flow rate can effectively mitigate the performance degradation of the generalized systems.By employing a configuration with multiple serially connected heating cores as the indoor heat exchanger and regulating the water circuit flow rate，the heat transfer requirements of both the CO

indirect system and the R290 indirect system can be simultaneously met.The performance degradation of the R290 system due to generalization was 2.46%，while the CO

system achieved optimal performance.

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⁰

Construction of Generalized CO2and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics

DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202601003

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references

Construction of Generalized CO₂and R290 Heat Pump Systems for Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Impact Characteristics