Multi-Objective Optimization of Evaporative Condenser Fin Structure for Data Center Cooling

DUAN Shaobin; GU Yaxiu; REN Xianchao; JIA Wenzhu; HE Yuefei; KANG Kai; WANG Xiaopo

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202512019

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Multi-Objective Optimization of Evaporative Condenser Fin Structure for Data Center Cooling

更新时间：2025-12-08

- Multi-Objective Optimization of Evaporative Condenser Fin Structure for Data Center Cooling
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 59, Issue 12, Pages: 216-227(2025)
- 作者机构：
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202512019
  CLC： TB61+1;TB657.5
- Received：05 March 2025，
  
  Published：10 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
DUAN Shaobin, GU Yaxiu, REN Xianchao, et al. Multi-Objective Optimization of Evaporative Condenser Fin Structure for Data Center Cooling[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(12): 216-227.
DOI：

DUAN Shaobin, GU Yaxiu, REN Xianchao, et al. Multi-Objective Optimization of Evaporative Condenser Fin Structure for Data Center Cooling[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(12): 216-227. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202512019.

摘要

针对数据中心机房高功率密度散热需求及冷却系统高能耗问题，提出基于换热设备本身优化的设计方案，以椭圆套管蒸发式冷凝器为研究对象，采用数值模拟与正交试验相结合的方法，对其翅片结构参数进行多目标优化。优化结果表明：最优翅片结构参数为翅片高度24 mm、厚度1 mm、间距4 mm。在此参数组合下，蒸发式冷凝器综合评价因子较优化前提升了6.41%。为进一步验证优化效果，实验研究了多种工况参数对优化前后蒸发式冷凝器传热性能的影响规律。实验结果表明：优化后蒸发式冷凝器在迎面风速为2.8 m·s

-1

、喷淋密度为5.6 g·m

-1

·s

-1

时综合性能最优，总换热量为4280.38 W，较优化前提升了36.35%，压降为12.18 Pa，较优化前降低了19.86%。过大的空气湿球温度和冷却水流量会抑制冷凝器的外传热过程，但优化后换热量与优化前相比仍有所提升。该研究可为数据中心冷却系统的节能优化设计与高效低耗运行提供理论依据。

Abstract

To address the heat dissipation demand under high power density conditions and high energy consumption of cooling systems for equipment rooms of data centers

a design proposal based on the optimization of heat exchange equipment per se is proposed.In this study

an annular elliptical tube evaporative condenser was employed

and multi-objective optimization of its fin structure parameters was carried out by combining numerical simulation with orthogonal testing.The optimization

results show that the optimal fin structure parameters are as follows：fin height of 24 mm

fin thickness of 1 mm and fin spacing of 4 mm.When this combination of parameters was applied

the comprehensive evaluation factor of the evaporative condenser was 6. 41 % higher than that before the optimization.To further verify the optimization effect

impact of the parameters on the heat transfer performance of the evaporative condenser before and after the optimization was investigated under multiple operating conditions.The results show that after optimization

the evaporative condenser achieved the best comprehensive performance at the wind speed of 2.8 m·s

-1

on the windward face and the spray density of 5.6 g·m

-1

·s

-1

with total heat transfer of 4280.38 W

36.35 % up from that before the optimization

and a pressure drop of 12.18 Pa

19.86 % lower than that before the optimization.Though excessive air wet bulb temperature and cooling water flow would inhibit the external heat transfer process of the condenser

the optimization secured an improvement in the heat transfer performance.This research is intended to offer a theoretical basis for design optimization of data center cooling systems in terms of energy efficiency

operating efficiency and energy consumption.

关键词

Keywords

references

MOAZAMIGOODARZI H , GUPTA R , PAL S , et al . Modeling temperature distribution and power consumption in IT server enclosures with row-based cooling architectures [J ] . Applied Energy , 2020 , 261 : 114355 .

CHU Junjie , HUANG Xiang . Research status and development trends of evaporative cooling air-conditioning technology in data centers [J ] . Energy and Built Environment , 2023 , 4 ( 1 ): 86 - 110 .

周峰 , 谷文龙 , 马国远 , 等 . 数据中心冷却系统研究及应用进展 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2024 , 24 ( 2 ): 63 - 71 .

ZHOU Feng , GU Wenlong , MA Guoyuan , et al . Progress on research and application of cooling system for data center [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2024 , 24 ( 2 ): 63 - 71 .

FULPAGARE Y , HSU P H , WANG Chichuan . Experimental analysis of airflow uniformity and energy consumption in data centers [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2022 , 209 : 118302 .

邹海峰 . 自然冷源在数据中心的应用 [J ] . 能源与节能 , 2024 ( 12 ): 28 - 30 .

ZOU Haifeng . Application of natural cooling sources in data centers [J ] . Energy and Energy Conservation , 2024 ( 12 ): 28 - 30 .

XIANG Ke , TIAN Zhiyong , ZHOU Chaohui , et al . Performance analysis and optimization of a hybrid me chanical and free cooling system with cold water storage for a data center [J ] . Applied Thermal Engineering , 2025 , 267 : 125831 .

黄翔 , 屈名勋 . "双碳"目标下绿色数据中心冷却关键技术路径的探讨 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2022 , 22 ( 3 ): 1 - 10 .

HUANG Xiang , QU Mingxun . Discussion on the key technology path of green data center cooling under carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2022 , 22 ( 3 ): 1 - 10 .

AMADO E A , SCHNEIDER P S , BRESOLIN C S . Free cooling potential for Brazilian data centers based on approach point methodology [J ] . International Journal of Refrigeration , 2021 , 122 : 171 - 180 .

WANG Jiaqiang , ZHANG Quan , YOON S , et al . Reliability and availability analysis of a hybrid cooling system with water-side economizer in data center [J ] . Building and Environment , 2019 , 148 : 405 - 416 .

王红利 , 黄翔 , 寇凡 , 等 . 数据中心用蒸发冷却（凝）技术发展现状 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2021 , 21 （ 11 ): 1 - 6 .

WANG Hongli , HUANG Xiang , KOU Fan , et al . Development status of data center evaporative cooling（condensation)technology [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2021 , 21 （ 11 ): 1 - 6 .

马国远 , 高磊 , 刘帅领 , 等 . 制冷空调用换热器研究进展 [J ] . 制冷与空调 , 2023 , 23 ( 4 ): 88 - 100 .

MA Guoyuan , GAO Lei , LIU Shuailing , et al . Research progress of refrigeration and air-conditioning heat exchangers [J ] . Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning , 2023 , 23 ( 4 ): 88 - 100 .

DAI Baomin , WU Tianhao , LIU Shengchun , et al . Assessment of booster refrigeration system with ecofriendly working fluid CO 2 /halogenated alkene (HA) mixture for supermarket application around the world: Energy conservation,cost saving,and emissions reduction potential [J ] . Energy , 2024 , 297 : 131244 .

单思宇 , 谭宏博 . 基于扁管的蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质特性研究 [J ] . 化工学报 , 2019 , 70 ( S1 ): 69 - 78 .

SHAN Siyu , TAN Hongbo . Study on heat and mass transfer characteristics outside flat tube for evaporative condensers [J ] . CIESC Journal , 2019 , 70 ( S1 ): 69 - 78 .

HAN Zongwei , JI Qiang , WEI Haotian , et al . Simulation study on performance of data center air-conditioning system with novel evaporative condenser [J ] . Energy , 2020 , 210 : 118521 .

ZHANG Yaxi , HAN Haixiao , ZHANG Yanqiu , et al . Experimental study on the performance of a novel data center air conditioner combining air cooling and evaporative cooling [J ] . International Journal of Refrigeration , 2025 , 170 : 98 - 112 .

YANG Hua , RONG Lan , LIU Xuanchen , et al . Experimental research on spray evaporative cooling system applied to air-cooled chiller condenser [J ] . Energy Reports , 2020 , 6 : 906 - 913 .

李婷婷 , 黄翔 , 罗绒 , 等 . 银川某数据中心用蒸发式冷凝器测试分析 [J ] . 制冷与空调（四川) , 2018 , 32 （ 4 ): 380 - 386 .

LI Tingting , HUANG Xiang , LUO Rong , et al . Test and analysis of application of evaporative condenser in a data center in Yinchuan [J ] . Refrigeration & Air Conditioning , 2018 , 32 （ 4 ): 380 - 386 .

WU Xueyuan , SHAO Shuangquan , AKKURT N . Investigation on application of plate-tube evaporative condensating technology for data centres in the northwest of China [J ] . Energy Reports , 2023 , 9 : 4713 - 4720 .

SUN Tiezhu , HUANG Xiang , CHEN Yi , et al . Experimental investigation of water spraying in an indirect evaporative cooler from nozzle type and spray strategy perspectives [J ] . Energy and Buildings , 2020 , 214 : 109871 .

LI Chao , MAO Ruiyong , WANG Yong , et al . Experimental study on direct evaporative cooling for free cooling of data centers [J ] . Energy , 2024 , 288 : 129889 .

谷雅秀 , 王俊炜 , 刘广东 , 等 . 新型椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器研究 [J ] . 制冷学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 4 ): 103 - 110 .

GU Yaxiu , WANG Junwei , LIU Guangdong , et al . Study on a new type of annular elliptic finned tube evaporative condenser [J ] . Journal of Refrigeration , 2020 , 41 ( 4 ): 103 - 110 .

GU Yaxiu , WANG Junwei , WANG Xinru , et al . Theoretical analysis of annular elliptic finned tube evaporative condenser based on field measurement [J ] . Journal of Thermal Science , 2020 , 29 ( 5 ): 1355 - 1369 .

谷雅秀 , 刘力文 , 李汉林 , 等 . 椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热性能实验研究 [J ] . 制冷学报 , 2022 , 43 ( 3 ): 71 - 77 .

GU Yaxiu , LIU Liwen , LI Hanlin , et al . Experimental study on heat transfer performance of annular elliptic finned tube evaporative condenser [J ] . Journal of Refrigeration , 2022 , 43 ( 3 ): 71 - 77 .

李汉林 , 谷雅秀 , 何跃飞 , 等 . 椭圆型套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能及实验研究 [J ] . 制冷学报 , 2024 , 45 ( 2 ): 41 - 52 .

LI Hanlin , GU Yaxiu , HE Yuefei , et al . Experimental study of heat and mass transfer performance of annular elliptic finned tube evaporative condenser [J ] . Journal of Refrigeration , 2024 , 45 ( 2 ): 41 - 52 .

杨垚 , 李早阳 , 王君岚 , 等 . 环境风影响下换流变压器空冷换热系统换热能力衰减特性研究 [J ] . 西安交通大学学报 , 2024 , 58 ( 12 ): 78 - 88 .

YANG Yao , LI Zaoyang , WANG Junlan , et al . Research on heat exchange capacity attenuation characteristics of air-cooled heat exchange systems for converter transformers under the influence of environmental winds [J ] . Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University , 2024 , 58 ( 12 ): 78 - 88 .

ZHANG Tianjiao , SU Mengyang , ZHANG Hua , et al . Design and simulation of a new type of fin-and-tube heat exchanger with trapezoidal slit fins [J ] . Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , 2024 , 59 : 104604 .

张楠楠 . 蒸发式冷凝器设计与数值实验研究 [D ] . 哈尔滨 : 哈尔滨商业大学 , 2017 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Mode Switching Coordinated Control of the Oil-Electric Hybrid and Machine-Hydraulic Recombination Power Transmission System

Cooling Performance Analysis and Structural Optimization of Concentric Structure Liquid Cooling Plate for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Research on Heat Transfer Characteristics and Structural Optimization of NewWaveform Microchannels for Lithium-Ion Batteries Cooling Plates

Multiobjective Reactive Power Optimization in Power System

Orthogonal Test on Intake Methanol Ratio of Methanol/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine

Related Author

CHEN Long

WANG Dehai

ZHANG Hongwei

ZHANG Qinbo

ZHU Zhen

YANG Guangfeng

GAO Qiang

LIU Ninghao

Related Institution

Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University

National Key Laboratory of Special Vehicle Design and Manufacturing Integration Technology

State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University

School of Automobile, Chang'an University

⁰