Multiscale Modeling of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling in Data Centers

TANG Yuqing; WANG Zhanjun; HU Xiaojun; GONG Xiaoming; FANG Wenzhen; TAO Wenquan

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202511007

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Multiscale Modeling of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling in Data Centers

Special Topic Energy Saving and Low-Carbon Technologies in Data Centers | 更新时间：2025-11-11

- Multiscale Modeling of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling in Data Centers
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 59, Issue 11, Pages: 73-83(2025)
- 作者机构：
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- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202511007
  CLC： TK124
- Received：18 February 2025，
  
  Published：10 November 2025
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TANG Yuqing, WANG Zhanjun, HU Xiaojun, et al. Multiscale Modeling of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling in Data Centers[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(11): 73-83.
DOI：

TANG Yuqing, WANG Zhanjun, HU Xiaojun, et al. Multiscale Modeling of Single-Phase Immersion Cooling in Data Centers[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(11): 73-83. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202511007.

摘要

针对传统冷却方法难以有效应对数据中心高功率密度散热需求，以及局部热点问题易导致设备性能下降和可靠性降低等问题，提出并发展了数据中心单相浸没液冷多尺度数值模型。首先，由单相浸没服务器详细模型得到服务器阻力曲线；然后，利用边界条件在不同层级间的传递方式，构建单相浸没冷却数据中心的多尺度仿真模型；最后，采用准确性经过验证的多尺度模型，研究了不同浸没腔体流量分配方式对多尺度模型的影响。数值结果表明：所构建的模型显著降低了计算复杂性和资源要求；相较于异侧出入口方式，采用分配腔+分配歧管方式，得到的流量分配不均匀性降低了74.67%，芯片节点温度降低了3.71℃；芯片节点温度随腔体进口液体温度呈正比线性变化，与腔体入口速度呈负增长关系，实现了数据中心浸没腔体级到芯片级完整的仿真链路。

Abstract

To address the challenges traditional cooling methods face in effectively managing the high power density heat dissipation demands of data centers

as well as issues such as local hotspots that can lead to decreased equipment performance and reliability

a multiscale numerical model for single-phase immersion cooling in data centers is proposed and developed. First

resistance curves for servers are derived from detailed models of single-phase immersion servers. Then

a multiscale simulation model for single-phase immersion cooling in data centers is constructed through transferring boundary conditions across different levels. Finally

the effects of different flow allocation methods in immersion chambers on the multiscale model are studied using the validated multiscale model. Numerical results indicate that the constructed model substantially reduces computational complexity and resource requirements. Compared to the“opposite-side inlet-outlet”method

the use of a“distribution chamber+manifold”method leads to a 74.67% reduction in flow distribution unevenness and a chip node temperature drop of 3.71℃.Moreover

the chip node temperature is proportional to the inlet liquid temperature of the chamber and inversely related to the inlet liquid velocity

thus achieving a complete simulation chain from the immersion chamber level to the chip level in data centers.

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references

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西安交通大学西安市数据中心节能及低碳技术重点实验室，710049，西安Xi'an Key Laboratory of Energy-Saving and Low-Carbon Technology of Data Centers, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China

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