Effects of The Hole Length of Nozzle on The In-Nozzle Cavitation Characteristics and Erosion Risk

JIN Jiangshan; ZHAO Wentao; WANG Zuoqun; GUO Genmiao; HE Zhixia

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Effects of The Hole Length of Nozzle on The In-Nozzle Cavitation Characteristics and Erosion Risk

更新时间：2026-03-19

- Effects of The Hole Length of Nozzle on The In-Nozzle Cavitation Characteristics and Erosion Risk
- JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.先进船舶发动机技术全国重点实验室上海 201108
  2.船舶与海洋工程特种装备和动力系统国家工程中心，上海 201108
  3.江苏大学能源研究院，江苏镇江 212013
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：
  CLC： TK421
- Received：30 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-03-07，
  
  Accepted：10 March 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
JIN Jiangshan, ZHAO Wentao, WANG Zuoqun, et al. Effects of The Hole Length of Nozzle on The In-Nozzle Cavitation Characteristics and Erosion Risk[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026.
DOI：

JIN Jiangshan, ZHAO Wentao, WANG Zuoqun, et al. Effects of The Hole Length of Nozzle on The In-Nozzle Cavitation Characteristics and Erosion Risk[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026. DOI：

摘要

为研究喷嘴内气液两相空化机理及空蚀机制，本文结合高速显微成像与数值模拟，分析了不同长度喷孔（2.04 mm、3.06 mm及4.08 mm）内空化现象及近场喷雾宏观特征瞬态演变规律，并评估了喷孔壁面的空蚀风险。结果发现：短喷孔针阀运动快、升程大，空化初生更早，易迅速发展为超空化流态，流动湍动强、喷雾锥角增大；长喷孔内几何空化受抑制，向超空化演变缓慢，但伴有间隙涡线空化，喷雾锥角增大且随着涡线空化强弱波动。云空化脱落频率随孔长增加而降低，短孔约为18000 Hz，长度增至3.06 mm和4.08 mm时分别降至15000 Hz和10000 Hz。喷孔长度对空蚀风险的影响呈现非线性，短孔因云空化强烈脱落导致大部分区域风险较高，空化发展为超空化后风险区缩小；长孔内流动旋度强，几何空化与涡线空化叠加使风险区扩大但强度减弱；中长孔空蚀风险主要集中在空化区下游并随主流沿壁面延伸，整体强度较低。喷孔长度显著影响空化流动特性，可用于协同调控流通特性、喷雾形态与空蚀风险，为喷嘴结构优化提供新思路。

Abstract

To study the cavitation and erosion mechanisms of gas-liquid two-phase flow in nozzles

this paper combines high-speed microscopic imaging and numerical simulation to analyze the transient evolution of cavitating flow and the macroscopic characteristics of near-field spray in nozzles of different lengths (2.04 mm

3.06 mm and 4.08 mm)

and to assess the erosion risk of the nozzle hole wall. Results show that the needle of the nozzle with the shortest holes moved most quickly

with the largest lift. That cavitation inception occurred earlier

readily developing into the super cavitation regime. Consequently

the flow turbulence was strong and the spray cone angle increased. By contrast

cavitation in the nozzle with the longest holes was suppressed

evolving slowly into super cavitation but accompanied by obvious vortex cavitation. The spray cone angle increased and fluctuated in response to the intensity of the vortex cavitation. The frequency of cloud cavitation shedding decreased with increasing nozzle hole length

being approximately 18000 Hz for short holes

and reducing to 15000 Hz and 10000 Hz when the hole length increased to 3.06 mm and 4.08 mm

respectively. Moreover

the influence of nozzle hole length on cavitation erosion risk was nonlinear. For the nozzle with the shortest holes

the risk was high in most areas due to strong cloud cavitation shedding

and it decreased after cavitation developed into super cavitation. In the nozzle with long holes

the strong flow vorticity and the superposition of geometric and vortex cavitation expanded the risk area but reduced its intensity. However

for medium- to long-range holes

the cavitation erosion risk was mainly concentrated downstream of the cavitation zone and extended along the wall in the mainstream

with an overall lower intensity. Nozzle hole length significantly affected cavitation flow characteristics and could be used to coordinate the regulation of flow characteristics

spray morphology and cavitation erosion risk

providing a new idea for nozzle structure optimization.

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references

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