Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries

GENG Limin; DU Zeyu; ZHAO Yang; ZHANG Jun; SHU Junhao; GAO Nan; MENG Weijia

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Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries

更新时间：2026-03-19

- Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries
- JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.长安大学陕西省交通新能源开发、应用与汽车节能重点实验室，710064，西安
  2.长安大学西安市交通先进动力重点实验室，710064，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：
  CLC： TM912.9
- Received：06 January 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-03-18，
  
  Accepted：19 March 2026，
- 稿件说明：
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GENG Limin, DU Zeyu, ZHAO Yang, et al. Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026.
DOI：

GENG Limin, DU Zeyu, ZHAO Yang, et al. Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, 2026. DOI：

摘要

针对锂离子电池内短路到热失控的演化过程，对常见的由锂枝晶引发的正极-负极内短路进行了仿真分析。采用多物理场耦合的方法，构建考虑锂枝晶熔断和热失控副反应的三维电化学-热-内短路耦合模型，研究了该过程不可逆阶段前的电化学与热特性，并通过仿真数据与实验结果对比验证了该模型的准确性。在此基础上，进一步分析了不同锂枝晶半径及荷电状态下锂离子电池的电热特性，研究结果表明：锂枝晶半径越大，通过锂枝晶的电流越大，当锂枝晶半径从2 mm增至5 mm时，触发内短路的锂枝晶处电流由1.2 A增至7.2 A，电池整体产热率增大了20.7倍，熔断触发时间从6.80 s缩短至0.84 s。本模型中，锂枝晶熔断临界点在其半径为1.4 mm时，当锂枝晶半径小于1.4 mm时，电池散热量大于产热量，不会触发熔断。当电池荷电状态从0.2增大到1时，触发内短路时，端电压的压降从0.138 V增大到0.158 V，锂枝晶电流密度增大了21.5%，短路区域欧姆产热和电化学反应产热的增大使电池整体产热率增大了38%，热失控风险上升。该研究为锂离子电池内短路故障诊断及安全预警提供理论依据与研究方向。

Abstract

To investigate the electrochemical and thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries before the irreversible stage of thermal runaway caused by internal short-circuit faults

this paper adopts a multi-physics coupling method to establish a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal-internal short-circuit coupled model considering lithium dendrite fusing and thermal runaway side reactions

and verifies the accuracy of the model by comparing simulation data with experimental results. On this basis

the electrothermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under different lithium dendrite radii and state of charge are further analyzed. The results show that: A larger lithium dendrite radius leads to a higher passing current. When the lithium dendrite radius increases from 2 mm to 5 mm

the current at the lithium dendrite upon internal short circuit triggering rises from 1.2 A to 7.2 A

the overall heat generation rate of the battery increases by 20.7 times

and the fusing trigger time is shortened from 6.8 s to 0.84 s. In this model

the critical radius for lithium dendrite fusing is 1.4 mm. When the lithium dendrite radius is less than 1.4 mm

the heat dissipation of the battery exceeds the heat generation

and fusing will not be triggered. When SOC increases from 0.2 to 1

the terminal voltage drop upon internal short circuit triggering rises from 0.138 V to 0.158 V

and the current density of lithium dendrites increases by 21.5%. This study provides a theoretical basis and research directions for the internal short‑circuit fault diagnosis and safety early warning of lithium‑ion batteries.

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