Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries

GENG Limin; DU Zeyu; ZHAO Yang; ZHANG Jun; SHU Junhao; GAO Nan; MENG Weijia

doi:10.7652/xjtuxb202608003

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Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Special Topic Thermal Management of New Energy Electric Vehicles | 更新时间：2026-07-28

- Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University Vol. 60, Issue 8, Pages: 32-44(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  长安大学陕西省交通新能源开发、应用与汽车节能重点实验室，710064，西安
  长安大学西安市交通先进动力重点实验室，710064，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.7652/xjtuxb202608003
  CLC： TM912.9
- Received：06 January 2026，
  
  Online First：23 March 2026，
  
  Published：10 August 2026
- 稿件说明：
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GENG Limin, DU Zeyu, ZHAO Yang, et al. Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(8): 32-44.
DOI：

GENG Limin, DU Zeyu, ZHAO Yang, et al. Study on Electrothermal Characteristics of Dendrite-Induced Internal Short Circuit in Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2026, 60(8): 32-44. DOI： 10.7652/xjtuxb202608003.

摘要

针对锂离子电池内短路到热失控的演化过程，对常见的由锂枝晶引发的正极-负极内短路进行了仿真分析。采用多物理场耦合的方法，构建考虑锂枝晶熔断和热失控副反应的三维电化学-热-内短路耦合模型，研究了该过程不可逆阶段前的电化学与热特性，并通过仿真数据与实验结果对比验证了该模型的准确性。在此基础上，进一步分析了不同锂枝晶半径及荷电状态下锂离子电池的电热特性，研究结果表明：锂枝晶半径越大，通过锂枝晶的电流越大，当锂枝晶半径从2 mm增至5 mm时，触发内短路的锂枝晶处电流由1.2 A增至7.2 A，电池整体产热率增大了20.7倍，熔断触发时间从6.80 s缩短至0.84 s。本模型中，锂枝晶熔断临界点在其半径为1.4 mm处，当锂枝晶半径小于1.4 mm时，电池散热量大于产热量，不会触发熔断。当电池荷电状态从0.2增大到1.0时，触发内短路时，端电压的压降从0.138 V增大到0.158 V，锂枝晶电流密度增大了21.5%，短路区域欧姆产热和电化学反应产热的增大使电池整体产热率增大了38.0%，热失控风险上升。该研究为锂离子电池内短路故障诊断及安全预警提供理论依据与研究方向。

Abstract

To investigate the evolution process frominternal short circuit to thermal runawayin lithiumion batteries

a simulation analysis was conducted on the common positive-negative electrode internal short circuit induced by lithium dendrites. A three-dimensional electrochemical-thermalinternalshortcircuitcoupledmodelwasestablishedusingamulti-physics-fieldcoupling approach

accounting for lithium dendrite fusing and side reactions associated with thermal runaway. The electrochemical and thermal characteristics prior to the irreversible stage of the process were investigated

and the accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulation data with experimental results. On this basis

the electrothermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under different lithium dendrite radii and states of charge were further analyzed. The results show that a larger lithium dendrite radius leads to a higher current through the dendrite. When the lithium dendrite radius increases from 2 mm to 5 mm

the current through the lithium dendrite upon internal short circuit triggering rises from 1.2 A to 7.2 A

the overall heat generation rate of the battery increases by a factor of 20.7

and the fusing trigger time is shortened from 6.80 s to 0.84 s. In this model

the critical radius for lithium dendrite fusing is 1.4 mm. When the lithium dendrite radius is below 1.4 mm

the heat dissipation from the battery exceeds the heat generation

and fusing does not occur. When the state of charge increases from 0.2 to 1.0

the terminal voltage drop upon internal short circuit triggering rises from 0.138 V to 0.158 V

and the lithium dendrite current density increases by 21.5%.The increase in ohmic heat generation and electrochemical reaction heat generation in the short-circuit region raises the overall heat generation rate of the battery by 38.0%

thereby increasing the risk of thermal runaway. This study provides a theoretical basis and research directions for internal short circuit fault diagnosis and safety early warning of lithium ion batteries.

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Related Author

MENG Weijia

DU Zeyu

GENG Limin

ZHAO Yang

SHU Junhao

ZHANG Jun

GAO Nan

HUANG Xinrong

Related Institution

Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Transport Power Machinery, Chang’an University

Shaanxi Key Laboratory of New Transportation Energy and Automotive Energy Saving, Chang’an University

School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang'an University

Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University

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