Simulation of Collision Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Droplets in Liquid Nitrogen Spray

Lu Can; Xue Rong; Chen Jiajun; Zhong Fuhao; Liu Xiufang; Hou Yu

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Simulation of Collision Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Droplets in Liquid Nitrogen Spray

更新时间：2026-09-23

- Simulation of Collision Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Droplets in Liquid Nitrogen Spray
- JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY (2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，710049，西安
  2.高能高功率脉冲电源全国重点实验室，710049，西安
  3.深低温技术与装备教育部重点实验室，710049，西安
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：
  CLC： TK121
- Received：28 May 2026，
  
  Revised：2026-06-26，
  
  Accepted：23 September 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Lu Can, Xue Rong, Chen Jiajun, et al. Simulation of Collision Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Droplets in Liquid Nitrogen Spray[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY,2026-09-23. http://zkxb.xjtu.edu.cn/en/article/172415152/.
DOI：

Lu Can, Xue Rong, Chen Jiajun, et al. Simulation of Collision Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Droplets in Liquid Nitrogen Spray[J/OL]. JOURNAL OF XI’AN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY,2026-09-23. http://zkxb.xjtu.edu.cn/en/article/172415152/. DOI：

摘要

液氮喷雾冷却是实现低温风洞的关键技术，旨在满足先进飞行器对高雷诺数风洞试验的需求。喷雾阵列所形成的密集雾场会显著增加多液滴碰撞概率，而多液滴碰撞行为将影响雾化特性和蒸发特性。现有研究多集中于常温工质的双液滴碰撞，而对低温工质特别是多液滴碰撞的关注不足。为了揭示液氮多液滴碰撞的动力学规律，明确液滴数量对碰撞结果的影响，本文采用流体体积（VOF）方法，对静止气流中双液滴及三液滴的碰撞过程进行了三维数值模拟，研究了韦伯数（

=8-204）与碰撞参数（

=0、0.4、0.8）对碰撞动力学的影响。研究结果表明：（1）液氮液滴碰撞呈现融合、反弹分离、拉伸分离和破碎四类形态，其分布由

和

共同决定。与双液滴碰撞相比，三液滴碰撞在

=0.4时未出现破碎形态，且在

=0时发生分离与破碎的临界韦伯数更高，表明液滴数量增加提升了系统的抗破碎能力。（2）在对心碰撞过程中，

越大，液滴越扁平，越有利于蒸发。碰撞参数

增大与液滴数量增加均会增强拉伸效果。（3）能量分析显示，对心碰撞的能量转化最为剧烈；随

的增加，能量振荡减弱。在相同条件下，三液滴碰撞比双液滴碰撞表现出更频繁的表面能变化和更高的动能峰值，表明多液滴碰撞内部能量交换更加剧烈。本文研究可为液氮喷雾系统冷却性能的预测及优化提供理论依据。

Abstract

Liquid nitrogen (LN₂) spray cooling is a key technology for cryogenic wind tunnels

which is essential for high-Reynolds-number wind tunnel tests of advanced aircr

aft. The dense spray field produced by spray arrays significantly increases multi-droplet collision probability

and such collisions profoundly influence atomization and evaporation characteristics. Most existing studies have primarily focused on binary droplet collisions of room-temperature working fluids

with insufficient attention to cryogenic working fluids

particularly multi-droplet collisions. To reveal the dynamic behavior of LN₂ multi-droplet collisions and clarify the influence of droplet number on collision outcomes

three-dimensional numerical simulations of binary and ternary droplet collisions in quiescent air were performed using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The effects of Weber number (

= 8–204) and impact parameter (

= 0

0.4

0.8) on collision dynamics are systematically investigated. The results indicate that: (1) LN₂ droplet collisions exhibit four morphologies—coalescence

bouncing separation

stretching separation

and breakup—whose distribution is jointly determined by

and

. Compared with binary collisions

ternary collisions do not exhibit breakup at

= 0.4

and the critical Weber number for separation and breakup at

= 0 is higher

indicating that an increased number of droplets enhances the system’s resistance to breakup. (2) In head-on collisions

higher

leads to flatter droplets

favoring evaporation. Increasing

and the number of droplets strengthens the stretching effect. (3) Energy analysis reveals that head-on collisions involve the most intense energy conversion. As

increases

energy oscillations are attenuated. Under a given condition

ternary collisions display more frequent surface energy fluctuations and higher kinetic energy peaks compared with binary collisions

indicating that multi-droplet collisions intensify internal energy exchanges. This study could provide a theoretical basis for predicting

and optimizing the cooling performance of liquid nitrogen spray systems.

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Keywords

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